Basic of Software Testing

 Here's how to push changes to GitHub using a GUI: GIT GUI Installed: Ensure you have a GIT GUI client installed on your system. Popular options include GitKraken, GitHub Desktop, TortoiseGit, etc. Download and install your preferred GIT GUI tool. Existing Local Repository: Make sure you have a local Git repository initialised for your project. If you haven't already, you can initialise a Git repository in your project directory using the command line (git init) or through your GIT GUI's initialisation options. GitHub Remote Repository: You'll need a GitHub repository to push your local changes to. If you haven't created one yet, follow the steps mentioned previously on creating a repository on GitHub. Steps: Launch your GIT GUI client and open the directory containing your project files.  Most GIT GUIs will automatically detect changes in your working directory. You can usually see a section highlighting modified or new files. In the GIT GUI interface, look for a

Here's how to push your changes to GitHub using the command line:  Git Installed: Ensure you have Git installed on your system. You can verify this by opening a terminal window and typing (Git --- version). If Git is not installed, download and install it from the official Git website for your operating system https://git-scm.com/downloads . Existing Local Repository: Make sure you have a local Git repository initialised for your project. If you haven't already, you can initialise a Git repository in your project directory using the command (git init). GitHub Remote Repository: You'll need a GitHub repository to push your local changes to. If you haven't created one yet, follow the steps in the previous response on how to create a repository on GitHub. There are some different types of command of GitHub: To navigate to your project directory, open a terminal window and navigate to the directory containing your project files using the command (cd). If you want to add r

Here's a step-by-step guide on how to create a GitHub repository: First you have to create a GitHub account. If you don't have one already, you can sign up for a free account at https://github.com/join . Log in to your GitHub account and navigate to your profile page. You can usually access your profile by clicking on your profile picture or username in the top right corner of any GitHub page. On your profile page, look for a button labeled "New repository" or something similar. Clicking this button will initiate the repository creation process. Enter a descriptive name for your repository. Remember, this name will be visible to others on GitHub, so choose something clear and relevant to your project. You can also add a short description of your repository to provide more context about its purpose and content. Select whether you want your repository to be public (visible to everyone) or private (only accessible to authorised users). Public repositories are a good opt

Version control systems (VCS) are essential tools for IT companies for several reasons. Here are some of their key benefits: Track Changes and Rollback to Previous Versions: VCS acts like a digital record keeper for your code-base. Every change made to the code is tracked, allowing you to see who modified what, when, and why. This provides a historical record of your project's evolution. If you encounter bugs or introduce errors in a new version, VCS allows you to easily revert to a previous stable version of the code-base. This prevents development from getting stuck due to mistakes and ensures you can maintain a functional code-base. Collaboration and Parallel Development: VCS empowers multiple developers to work on the same project simultaneously. Each developer can work on their assigned features or bug fixes in their own isolated "branch" without interfering with others' work. VCS allows for seamless merging of changes from different branches back into

Mind maps offer a range of advantages that can benefit you in various aspects of your life, from brainstorming ideas to organising information and improving memory. Here's a breakdown of some key benefits: Enhanced Creativity and Brainstorming: Mind maps allow you to explore ideas freely without being confined to a linear format. This non-linear approach can spark new connections and help you generate more creative ideas. The visual layout of a mind map, with its central topic branching out to subtopics and details, encourages brainstorming and helps you see the bigger picture and identify relationships between ideas. Improved Organisation and Information Processing: Mind maps provide a clear visual structure for organising information. This makes it easier to see the hierarchy of ideas, categorise information, and identify key points. The visual layout and use of keywords, images, and colours in mind maps can enhance memory recall. By engaging different learning styles (visual, s

Agile ceremonies are formal meetings or events held within an Agile development process to ensure transparency, collaboration, and progress. These recurring gatherings keep everyone informed, aligned, and focused on delivering value throughout the project life-cycle. Here are the four most common Agile ceremonies: 1.Sprint Planning: This meeting marks the beginning of a new sprint (a short development cycle). The development team, along with the product owner, collaboratively plan the tasks for the upcoming sprint. Activities: The product owner presents the product backlog, a prioritised list of features and functionalities for the product. The development team selects user stories (requirements) from the top of the backlog and estimates the effort required to complete them within the sprint time-frame. This estimation is often done using relative sizing techniques . The team collaboratively defines clear and measurable goals for the sprint, ensuring everyone is aligned on what needs

Agile Methodology: Agile methodologies are about teamwork, customer satisfaction, constant refinement and breaking big projects into bite- sized pieces. By prioritising collaboration and communication, agile processes enable teams to pivot and respond to evolving customer needs while maintaining a high level of flexibility. Agile teams typically consist of a smaller, cross-functional group of individuals compared to traditional Waterfall projects. There are some common Agile roles and their responsibilities: Product Owner: Represents the voice of the customer and stakeholders. Owns the product backlog, which is a prioritized list of features and functionalities for the product. Prioritizes backlog items and ensures they align with business goals. Collaborates with the development team to define acceptance criteria for features. Development Team: A self-organizing group of developers, testers, and other specialists with the skills necessary to deliver the product. Responsible for breaki

Waterfall Model: Waterfall methodology is a linear design process, originating in software development processes. The waterfall development method originates in the manufacturing and construction industries. This model consider as a sequential model that divides software development into pre-defined phases. Each phases must be completed before the next phase can begin with no overlap between the phases. Each phases is designed for performing specific activity during the SDLC phase. Agile Model: The Agile methodology is a project management approach for software development that emphasises iterative development, collaboration, continuous improvement, and responsiveness to change. It contrasts with the Waterfall method, which is a more structured and linear approach.  Here is some details of why Agile is often considered a better approach: Flexibility and Adaptability: Agile methodologies prioritise continuous adaptation. They break down projects into smaller iterations (sprints) with f

Waterfall methodology is a linear design process, originating in software development processes. The waterfall development method originates in the manufacturing and construction industries. This model consider as a sequential model that divides software development into pre-defined phases. Each phases must be completed before the next phase can begin with no overlap between the phases. Each phases is designed for performing specific activity during the SDLC phase. It was introduced in 1970 by Winston Royce. There are some key drawbacks (disadvantages) to consider: Lack of Flexibility: The Waterfall model is a linear sequential design process, meaning that you have to complete one phase before moving on to the next phase. This process is highly structured and regimented in a way that does not allow for much flexibility. All phases of the project need to be completed before you can move on to testing. As a result, if your clients decides to add or modify something late in the process, i

GitHub is an online platform specifically designed for hosting and managing software development projects using a version control system called Git. Since it's founding in 2008, GitHub has acquired millions of users and established itself as a go-to platform for collaborative software project. GitHub encourages user to build a personal profile and brand for themselves. It offers functionalities that serve the needs of individual developers as well as collaborative teams. There are some of GitHub's key purposes: Version Control: GitHub acts as a repository (storage) for your project files and tracks changes to those files over time. This allows you to revert to previous versions if needed, collaborate on edits without conflicts, and see the history of your project's evolution. Collaboration: GitHub facilitates teamwork on software projects. Multiple developers can work on the same project simultaneously, seeing each other's contributions and merging changes seamlessly. F

DevOps practices offers a multitude of benefits for software development and delivery, fostering a more collaborative, efficient, and reliable environment. DevOps practices create a culture of continuous improvement, faster innovation, and higher quality software delivery. Here are some key advantages: Faster Delivery and Deployment: DevOps practices heavily leverage automation for tasks like building, testing, and deployment. This streamlines the process, eliminates manual errors, and allows for more frequent releases. Code changes are integrated and tested continuously, catching bugs early and enabling quicker deployments with reduced risk. Improved Software Quality: DevOps bridges the gap between development and operations teams, fostering better communication and shared ownership of quality. Testing is integrated throughout the development life-cycle, not just at the end, leading to earlier detection and resolution of issues. Increased Reliability and Stability: Infrastructure prov

Compatibility testing guarantees your software application functions flawlessly across a variety of platforms, devices, browsers, and operating systems. It's like checking if your software runs smoothly on different phones (Android, iPhone), computers (Windows, Mac), and web browsers (Chrome, Firefox) – ensuring a seamless user experience for everyone. Benefits of Compatibility Testing: Improve Software Development Process Detects Bugs before Production Complete User Satisfaction Successful Launches Reduce Support Cost Improved Brand Reputation Types of Compatibility Testing: Backwards Compatibility Testing Forward Compatibility Testing How to Perform Compatibility Testing: Design test cases and configuration Setup the Environment Testing Execution and Result Analysis Validate and Retest

Unit testing is a fundamental software development practice that focuses on verifying the correctness of individual software units. These units are typically the smallest testable components of the code-base such as functions, methods, or classes.  Unit testing aims to isolate each unit from the rest of the code and test its functionality independently. This allows for targeted testing and easier identification of bugs within specific units. The primary objective of unit testing is to verify that each unit behaves as expected according to its design and specifications. This helps catch errors early in the development cycle, preventing them from propagating to larger parts of the system. Tools and Frameworks: Many unit testing frameworks and tools are available to streamline the process. These tools can help write, run, and manage unit tests efficiently. JUnit (Java) PHPUnit (PHP), and Jest (JavaScript) Advantages: Unit tests help identify bugs early in the development cycle, when they

Non-functional testing focuses on the broader characteristics of a software application, rather than its specific functionalities. These tests ensure the software is usable, reliable, secure, and meets the overall quality standards expected for its intended use. Non-functional testing is as important as functional testing. Here are some of the different types of non-functional tests: Load Testing: Load testing is a subset of performance testing that  simulates real-world user loads on a software application or system. It's essentially a stress test to see how the software behaves under pressure. This testing mainly use for identifying the performance bottlenecks of an application, measure the application's scalability which means ability to handle increased user load and ensure the application can handle expected user traffic without compromising responsiveness or stability. Load testing helps identify potential issues before they occur in a real-world scenario, leading to a

The key difference between black box testing and white box testing lies in their approach to examining software functionality. Here's a breakdown to clarify: Black Box Testing: Black box testing, also known as behavioural testing, treats the software as a black box. Testers are concerned with the external behaviour and functionality without considering the internal code structure. Black box testers typically don't require in-depth knowledge of the software's internal code. They focus on requirements, specifications, and user stories. Black box testing is useful for: System testing and user acceptance testing. Usability testing. Smoke testing and sanity testing. Black box testing techniques are: Equivalence partitioning Boundary value analysis Error guessing and User scenario testing These techniques focus on input values, expected outputs, and system behaviour under various conditions. Advantages: Black box testing reflects how actual users interact with the software, i

Regression, sanity, and smoke testing are all important stages in the software development life cycle (SDLC) but focus on different aspects and serve distinct purposes. Discuss about some-of their key differences: Smoke Testing: Smoke testing is mainly aiming to identify major issues and ensure the basic functionality of the entire software build is working. It's a quick initial check to see if the build even smokes. So, the primary goal is to determine if the build is stable enough for further testing. It identifies critical blockers that would prevent further progress in the development process. This is typically performed at the very beginning of the testing cycle, right after a new build is created. It acts as a gatekeeper for further testing. This testing executed by tester and sometimes also by the developers. Ex: You buy a car and whats to check before taking it for a test drive, you check the car starts, the engine runs, and the basic controls (steering, brakes) functions

Firstly, try to replicate the bug consistently. Outline the exact steps you took that led to the issue. Be specific about actions, selections, and any data you entered. Describe what you expected to happen when you performed those actions. What was the normal behaviour? Explain what actually happened instead. Describe the bug in detail, including any error messages, unusual visual elements, or crashes. Note any relevant details about your environment that might be contributing factors. This could include your operating system, browser version, software version or any extensions or configurations you're using. Secondly, take screenshots or screen recordings to visually document the bug. Capture the issue itself, any error messages, and the surrounding context. If you encounter any error messages, copy and paste the exact wording into your report. If the bug is related to specific data you entered, include those details without revealing any sensitive information. Further-more, many

The Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) s a set of phases that defines the testing approach for a software development project. It outlines the various activities and tasks involved in ensuring the quality and reliability of the software being developed. The STLC includes the following phases: Requirement Analysis: In this phase, testers analyse the requirements documents to understand what needs to be tested. They identify testable requirements, create test scenarios, and determine the testing scope. Test Planning: Test planning involves defining the test objectives, test strategy, test approach, and resources required for testing. Test plans and schedules are created based on factors such as project timelines, budget, and available resources. Test Case Development: Test cases are developed based on the test scenarios identified during the requirement analysis phase. Test cases outline the steps to be executed, the expected results, and the test data required for each test scenario. Te

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process for planning, developing, deploying, and maintaining software applications. It provides a framework to ensure high-quality software that meets user needs. Here's an explanation of the SDLC with an example: Planning: This phase involves defining the scope of the project, gathering requirements, creating a project plan, and determining the feasibility of the project. Example: A company decides to develop a new mobile application to enhance customer engagement and increase sales. They outline the features and functionalities they want in the app and create a project plan. Analysis: During this phase, the requirements gathered in the planning phase are analysed in detail. The goal is to understand what the software should do and how it should behave. Example: In the mobile app development project, the analysis phase involves breaking down the features into smaller components and understanding the user interactions requ

A description of a bug detail with evidence is important because a clear details about the steps to reproduce the bug, error messages, and screenshots allow developers to replicate the issue on their end and diagnose it efficiently. It leads to quicker fixes and a smoother development cycle. A detailed report establishes a clear understanding of the bug between the person reporting it and the developers. This eliminates confusion and misinterpretations, leading to more productive communication and collaboration in resolving the issue. Detailed bug reports with evidence help prioritise bugs effectively. Evidence like screenshots or screen recordings can visually demonstrate the severity of the bug, helping developers allocate resources accordingly.

Use cases, test scenarios, and test cases are all important concepts in software development, but they serve different purposes at different stages of the testing process. Here's a breakdown to clarify the distinction: Use Case: A use case is a specific way a user interacts with the system to achieve a particular goal. It outlines the steps the user takes and the system's responses. Use cases are high-level descriptions. They provide a functional overview but don't specify exact test steps or expected results. Use cases are mainly created by business analysts, product owners, or system designers during the requirements gathering phase. A use case might describe how a customer logs in to an online store, browses for products, adds items to their cart, and completes a purchase. Test Case: A test case is the most detailed level. It specifies the exact steps a tester will follow to execute a particular test, the expected results, and any pass or fail criteria. Test cases are v

System,  Integration, and E2E (End-to-End) testing are all important parts of software development, but they focus on different levels and aspects of the software. Here's a breakdown of their key differences: System Testing: System testing is actually a series of different tests whose sole purpose is to exercise the full computer based system. It focuses on how well the system meets its functional and non-functional requirements (performance, usability, security). This testing primarily concerned with validating the overall functionality and behaviour of the entire system. It might involve various testing methodologies (functional, performance, usability) and can be time-consuming. Mainly System testing, typically performed towards the later stages of development after all functionalities are implemented. Integration Testing: Integration testing is defined as a type of testing where software modules or system are integrated logically and tested as a group. A typical software projec

There are two main reasons why production servers and test servers need to be similar: Mimicking real world condition for accurate testing. Smoother deployment process. Mimicking real world condition for accurate testing: The test environment is designed to uncover bugs and ensure the software functions as expected before it's released to users. If the test server is significantly different from the production server (hardware, software versions, configurations), issues might not be caught during testing. Smoother deployment process: A similar production and test environment simplifies the deployment process. When the software is finally ready to go live, the transition from the test server to the production server becomes smoother.